The A-Z of Global Warming- Fossil Fuels: by Simon Rosser

Copyright (c) 2008 Simon Rosser
This article is taken from The A-Z of Global Warming and discusses fossil fuels. The generation of electricity from burning carbon rich coal has a greater impact on the atmosphere than any other single human activity. In 2003 the power industry created 44.5% of all manmade carbon dioxide (CO2) according to the World Resources Institute, Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT). If one looks at emissions of carbon dioxide alone (ignoring all other greenhouse gases), then for the year 2000, the figure is just under 33%, and the latest figure available from 2003, as mentioned above shows an increase for this sector to 44.5%. The latest figure however excludes CO2 from land use change.
So what are fossil fuels, and how are they formed? Well fossil fuels form deep in the earth's crust over millions of years from enormous pressure and heat which converts dead plant and animal matter into hydrocarbons in the form of coal, oil or natural gas, which can then be dug up and burnt as fuel.
As these fossil fuels have formed over millions of years they are no longer considered to be part of the natural carbon cycle as they have effectively been "locked up" within the earth's crust and rocks etc.
In 2005 alone some 28 billion tonnes of CO2 was released into the atmosphere, from burning fossil fuels, which is equivalent to about 800 tonnes a second!
Out of all the fossil fuels the worst culprit is coal, which is used as the fuel in coal fired electricity power stations for the production of electricity. Generating electricity through carbon rich coal however has a greater impact on the atmosphere than any other single human activity.
The power industry creates over twice the amount of CO2 as is produced by the transport sector.
Basically electricity generation hasn't changed much from the 19th century with large power plants burning fossil fuels for the creation of electricity, and this model looks set to continue for some time to come.
Within the rapidly expanding economies of India and China, coal fired electricity plants will dramatically increase. In fact China, the USA and India are the top three producers in the world.
Apart from carbon dioxide, burning coal produces a host of other chemicals, such as sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain, Nitrous oxide and other heavy metals.
What makes matters worse is that coal is the world's most widely available fossil fuel and there is around 200 years of coal left, if it is used at its current rate. This will be pretty academic however as according to the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change, if the burning of fossil fuels continue unchanged, the Earth could warm by as much as 6 degrees Celsius (10.8 F) by 2100. This would mean almost certain extinction of most of life on the earth.
One only has to look at pictures from recent news stories showing industrial cities in these developing countries to see the pollution and clouds of smog hanging over the cities and blocking out the sunlight.
It is estimated that by the year 2030, 55% of all power stations built in the Asia pacific region will be coal fired.
The transport sector in 2000 accounted for around 14% of greenhouse gas emissions, or 20% of CO2 alone (ignoring other greenhouse gases), in 2003. The majority of these emissions are from road transport, with aviation second, followed by shipping and rail last. Emissions from the aviation sector are expected to grow the quickest however.
So whilst developed and especially developing nations continue to build power stations to gobble up the Earth's supply of fossil fuels, serious harm is being done to the atmosphere which will continue to elevate global temperatures as higher CO2 levels add to the greenhouse effect.
There are in fact enough fossil fuels left to take the world to levels of CO2 concentrations of around 750ppm and above, (around 330 ppm more than present) which would elevate temperatures to such an extent that it would be catastrophic for all of Earth's inhabitants. CO2 as a result of burning fossil fuels is only one of the many greenhouse gases, which is contributing to the warming of the atmosphere. In the next article we will look at Earth's greenhouse gases, which are essential to life on Earth, but which are now warming the planet as their levels steadily increase.

Biofuels Are A Potential Low Carbon Energy Source: by Christopher West

Biofuels were invented by Nazi Germany prior to WWII; check any book on history and you will see. Germany is land-locked country with no oil fields. Biofuel is a contentious subject. The amount of land needed is staggering. Biofuels are fuel components produced from renewable materials such as plants, straw or bio-mass waste products such as poultry litter. Is there merit to seeking innovative ways to meet our nation’s increasing energy needs in a world of limited fossil fuel production?
Biofuels production (Ethanol and Bio-Diesel) is on a fast-track in the USA today and we can provide the funding to get them built and online. Alternative Fuels Finance, LLC offers construction and permanent financing, mezzanine and equity funding.
Ethanol subsidies put livestock producers at a competitive disadvantage as relates to corn procurement. Hog prices will not increase on their own just because input costs have risen. Ethanol can be produced from a variety of materials, and other options are being explored now for production in the U.S. Although not yet in large-scale commercial production, cellulosic ethanol is an emerging technology to produce ethanol from agricultural waste and forestry residues such as corn stalks or rice husks, or from purposefullyâ€"grown crops such as switch grass or trees. Ethanol is made from corn and can be run in a Flex Fuel or converted gasoline vehicle. Biodiesel can run in any conventional diesel engine and is commonly made from soy beans.
Production and consumption of agricultural products in general will grow faster in the developing countries than in the developed economies - especially for beef, pork, butter, skimmed milk powder and sugar. OECD countries are expected to lose export shares for nearly all the main farm commodities. Producers get credit for a facility production rate of 25 million gallons annually, or 125 million gallons over the five-year lifespan of the 2005 incentive. Producing electricity from bagasse, a by-product from the sugar industry, harnessing wind and solar energy can prove to be more sensible options for our country. We also need to invest in research so that we produce vehicles that are more efficient in energy consumption and less polluting.
Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a biofuel carbon debt’ by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas reductions these biofuels provide by displacing fossil fuels. Biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel are often touted as a panacea for a host of environmental and energy-related problems. This hot topic has even become a centerpiece of high level geopolitics, as evidenced by President Bush's recent trip to Brazil , where ethanol was a principle area of discussion.