GENEVA (Reuters) - A clash between the United States and two big emerging markets, China and India, over cutting farm and industrial tariffs threatened to derail more than a week of work to salvage a world trade deal Monday.
"We are very much concerned about the direction that a couple of countries are taking," U.S. Trade Representative Susan Schwab said during a break on the eighth day of World Trade Organisation talks.
"I am very concerned it will jeopardise the outcome of this round," she told reporters.
Her comments reflected strong differences over U.S. demands for countries to agree to deep tariff cuts in at least some manufacturing sectors and China and India's insistence that developing countries be given a strong new tool to guard against agricultural import surges.
David Shark, deputy U.S. ambassador to the WTO, said resistance by India and China to opening up to more imports had thrown the global trade talks into their "gravest jeopardy" since their launch in 2001.
China responded quickly. "We have tried very hard to contribute to the success of the round," its WTO ambassador Sun Zhenyu told delegates. "It is a little bit surprising that at this time the U.S. started this finger-pointing.
TRIAL RUN FOR CLIMATE TALKS?
Top trade officials from around 30 key WTO members have been in Geneva since last Monday to try to agree on terms for cutting farm subsidies and tariffs on agricultural and manufactured goods. After a rough start, the talks appeared to be making progress just as problems resurfaced again.
The meeting has been described by some European officials as a test of a changing balance of power in the world as developing economies grow in confidence, and also a possible trial run for climate change talks.
India's Commerce Minister Kamal Nath told reporters India had never agreed to Lamy's package, but had continued talks in the hope of winning further concessions from developed countries.
"I'm still hoping we will see some movement. I'm still optimistic," Nath told reporters after meeting ministers from seven key WTO players.
Priorities include deeper reductions in allowed spending on developed country farm subsidies than the proposed 70 percent cut for the United States and 80 percent cut for the EU in the current package, he said.
Developing countries also need a better "special safeguard mechanism" to help ward off import surges or price collapses in farm products, and long-awaited action on U.S. cotton subsidies which hurt developing country farmers, he said.
The United States, under pressure to cut its farm subsidies and tariffs in core markets such as autos and clothing, insists developing countries make significant openings in return.
In manufacturing, it wants China, India and others to agree to "sectoral" negotiations, in which a critical mass of countries would agree to cut tariffs to as close to zero as possible for industries ranging from jewellery to chemicals.
The United States and many other farm exporters, such as Uruguay and Paraguay, also fear the proposed safeguard mechanism would let developing countries massively increase tariffs in response to normal growth in trade.
Separately, France kept up pressure on EU trade chief Peter Mandelson not to agree to a deal that meant farm concessions in return for little gains elsewhere.
VOLUNTARY OR NOT?
WTO members endorsed the idea of "voluntary" sectoral agreements at ministerial meetings in Hong Kong in 2005.
China and India object to a compromise provision which encourages countries to take part in at least two sectoral talks by allowing them lower cuts in other industrial tariffs.
Developed countries want sectorals in "machinery, chemicals and automobiles, in which they enjoy substantial export advantage" and are pressuring developing countries to join in, said Lu Xiankun, a Chinese press counsellor.
In agriculture negotiations, "China has indicated that it intends to shield cotton, sugar, rice and other commodities from any tariff cuts whatsoever", U.S. envoy Shark said.
That makes it much harder for the White House to sell farm subsidy cuts to Congress, particularly for cotton, which WTO members have agreed will face faster and deeper reductions.
Lu noted the United States would be able to spend up to $14.5 billion on trade-distorting subsidies under the proposed deal, or about twice what it currently does.
Showing posts with label pressure. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pressure. Show all posts
Monday, 28 July 2008
Wednesday, 23 July 2008
Bank split three ways on best path for interest rates
By Sumeet Desai and Matt Falloon Reuters - 1 hour 53 minutes ago
LONDON (Reuters) - One Bank of England policymaker wanted to raise interest rates this month and another wanted a cut, but the remaining seven chose to keep them steady as both the inflation and economic growth outlook had deteriorated.
Minutes of the July 9-10 policy meeting on Wednesday showed that hawk Timothy Besley wanted an immediate quarter percentage point increase to 5.25 percent, while dove David Blanchflower argued that a cut was needed to prevent a recession.
This produced the first three-way split on the direction of rates since May 2006 and policymakers said the decision was "a difficult one" as inflation was likely to turn out higher and growth lower than the Bank had forecast in May.
Analysts had forecast an 8-1 vote for steady rates this month, with Blanchflower wanting a cut. Most expect rates to stay put for now before eventually falling as the economy slows.
However, sterling rose and bonds fell as the unexpected vote indicated there was little broad-based support for lower interest rates among policymakers.
If anything, members of the Monetary Policy Committee appeared more inclined to raise rates to defend their reputation as guardians of price stability, but they were also worried about the economic costs of such a move.
"The minutes are certainly more hawkish than we expected," said Philip Shaw, chief economist at Investec. "The committee gave serious consideration to tightening policy this time round.
"The outlook for interest rates looks more uncertain."
STRONG SIGNAL
The minutes said there was little the Bank could do to tame inflation in the near-term, but also said that a rate rise this month could "send a strong signal that it (BoE) was focused on inflation and remained determined to bring it back to target".
Arguing against a move that would have caught markets hopping, however, policymakers noted significant downside risks to the economy -- and hence for inflation in the medium term.
"An increase in the current circumstances, when confidence was low and the financial sector fragile, could impart a downward momentum to the economy that risked a significant undershoot of inflation in the medium term," the minutes said.
Policymakers noted that while official second quarter GDP data due on Friday could turn out slightly stronger than expected, survey evidence and reports from the Bank's own agents suggested the economy was continuing to slow.
"Keeping Bank Rate at 5.0 percent when the economy was slowing was arguably already sending a strong signal of the Monetary Policy Committee's commitment to reducing inflation," the minutes said.
"A rate change this month would be a surprise at a time when credit and other financial markets remained fragile, and any change in rates would be better communicated alongside the Bank's August Inflation Report."
Evidence of a sharply slowing economy continued to roll in on Wednesday, with banks reporting approvals for home loans tumbled by two thirds in June to a record low, pointing to further sharp falls in house prices in the next few months.
The Confederation of British Industry said optimism in the manufacturing sector was at its worst since 2001, although price pressures were at their strongest in more than 18 years.
"It looks as though stable rates are here to stay for several more months," said James Knightley, an economist at ING.
LONDON (Reuters) - One Bank of England policymaker wanted to raise interest rates this month and another wanted a cut, but the remaining seven chose to keep them steady as both the inflation and economic growth outlook had deteriorated.
Minutes of the July 9-10 policy meeting on Wednesday showed that hawk Timothy Besley wanted an immediate quarter percentage point increase to 5.25 percent, while dove David Blanchflower argued that a cut was needed to prevent a recession.
This produced the first three-way split on the direction of rates since May 2006 and policymakers said the decision was "a difficult one" as inflation was likely to turn out higher and growth lower than the Bank had forecast in May.
Analysts had forecast an 8-1 vote for steady rates this month, with Blanchflower wanting a cut. Most expect rates to stay put for now before eventually falling as the economy slows.
However, sterling rose and bonds fell as the unexpected vote indicated there was little broad-based support for lower interest rates among policymakers.
If anything, members of the Monetary Policy Committee appeared more inclined to raise rates to defend their reputation as guardians of price stability, but they were also worried about the economic costs of such a move.
"The minutes are certainly more hawkish than we expected," said Philip Shaw, chief economist at Investec. "The committee gave serious consideration to tightening policy this time round.
"The outlook for interest rates looks more uncertain."
STRONG SIGNAL
The minutes said there was little the Bank could do to tame inflation in the near-term, but also said that a rate rise this month could "send a strong signal that it (BoE) was focused on inflation and remained determined to bring it back to target".
Arguing against a move that would have caught markets hopping, however, policymakers noted significant downside risks to the economy -- and hence for inflation in the medium term.
"An increase in the current circumstances, when confidence was low and the financial sector fragile, could impart a downward momentum to the economy that risked a significant undershoot of inflation in the medium term," the minutes said.
Policymakers noted that while official second quarter GDP data due on Friday could turn out slightly stronger than expected, survey evidence and reports from the Bank's own agents suggested the economy was continuing to slow.
"Keeping Bank Rate at 5.0 percent when the economy was slowing was arguably already sending a strong signal of the Monetary Policy Committee's commitment to reducing inflation," the minutes said.
"A rate change this month would be a surprise at a time when credit and other financial markets remained fragile, and any change in rates would be better communicated alongside the Bank's August Inflation Report."
Evidence of a sharply slowing economy continued to roll in on Wednesday, with banks reporting approvals for home loans tumbled by two thirds in June to a record low, pointing to further sharp falls in house prices in the next few months.
The Confederation of British Industry said optimism in the manufacturing sector was at its worst since 2001, although price pressures were at their strongest in more than 18 years.
"It looks as though stable rates are here to stay for several more months," said James Knightley, an economist at ING.
Thursday, 17 July 2008
save money smarter
Feeling short of money? Make more and spend less!
You want to go where money is? Watch prison break first!
It's so much easier said than done to save money. Well, somebody has given lists such as cutting your coffee, less entertainment, less shopping (no, you are killing me)... That works for your money but not for your life, because you save for a better one.
To better manage your money, here comes some tips:
First, set your goal in short-term and long-term. There must be something you want in desperation, like a car, a macbook. You will figure out what to cut to have your dream come true. Yes, you are not really saving money here, but you find the ways.
Second, make a budget and prioritize your spending. Track your monthly expenses and calculate the average for your regular payments (Rent, Phone Bills, utilities, gas etc.). Shopping and entertainment may change from month to month, set a minimum. When you have a total spending plan for the next month, save all the surplus for investment or open a savings account.
Third and the smarter way, when you have to buy something, find a cheap one. Actually this is easy because you are online. DO NOT save your cable expense.
The Internet has changed our way of life: Users get greater access to information than ever before. It also offers many opportunities for saving money. As online shopping has become more and more popular, businesses have been pressured into not only maintaining an online presence, but also competing for a thriving global consumer base. Online deals and specials are powerful persuasion for potential customers, and are therefore used by many retailers. If you know where to look, you can find many ways to save money online, such as traditional coupons that you can print out and carry with you, and online coupons that use links or coupon codes to save you money.
There are two ways applying the discount for online stores: linked coupons and coupon codes . With a linked coupon, you simply click on the link, and it takes you to the online store via a special URL; then when you finish the shopping, your savings will be applied to your shopping cart automatically. A coupon code is a special code you will need to enter when you check out. Because online stores depend on online coupons and promotions to boost sales, these codes are very easy to find. There are many websites dedicated to listing current online coupons and coupon codes such as couponcabin.com , couponsmarter.com etc. Most of these sites offer a search feature to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
You want to go where money is? Watch prison break first!
It's so much easier said than done to save money. Well, somebody has given lists such as cutting your coffee, less entertainment, less shopping (no, you are killing me)... That works for your money but not for your life, because you save for a better one.
To better manage your money, here comes some tips:
First, set your goal in short-term and long-term. There must be something you want in desperation, like a car, a macbook. You will figure out what to cut to have your dream come true. Yes, you are not really saving money here, but you find the ways.
Second, make a budget and prioritize your spending. Track your monthly expenses and calculate the average for your regular payments (Rent, Phone Bills, utilities, gas etc.). Shopping and entertainment may change from month to month, set a minimum. When you have a total spending plan for the next month, save all the surplus for investment or open a savings account.
Third and the smarter way, when you have to buy something, find a cheap one. Actually this is easy because you are online. DO NOT save your cable expense.
The Internet has changed our way of life: Users get greater access to information than ever before. It also offers many opportunities for saving money. As online shopping has become more and more popular, businesses have been pressured into not only maintaining an online presence, but also competing for a thriving global consumer base. Online deals and specials are powerful persuasion for potential customers, and are therefore used by many retailers. If you know where to look, you can find many ways to save money online, such as traditional coupons that you can print out and carry with you, and online coupons that use links or coupon codes to save you money.
There are two ways applying the discount for online stores: linked coupons and coupon codes . With a linked coupon, you simply click on the link, and it takes you to the online store via a special URL; then when you finish the shopping, your savings will be applied to your shopping cart automatically. A coupon code is a special code you will need to enter when you check out. Because online stores depend on online coupons and promotions to boost sales, these codes are very easy to find. There are many websites dedicated to listing current online coupons and coupon codes such as couponcabin.com , couponsmarter.com etc. Most of these sites offer a search feature to help you find exactly what you're looking for.
Wednesday, 16 July 2008
The Teen Oral Sex and Self-Esteem Connection: by Jennifer Sarpong
The Problem Jessica Weiner, author of A Very Hungry Girl, was called in to work with a group of 13-year-old girls who had given oral sex to boys on a school bus at a private school. She says casual oral sex is part of a larger problem.
"This is what peer pressure looks like," says Jessica. "Girls today are all in people-pleasing mode because they are completely disconnected from their bodies. At age 11 or 12 or younger they're going through puberty so their hormones and natural curiosity are there too,I don't want to shame us and blame us out of feeling positive about sex and sexuality but when you're caught on the back of the school bus giving oral sex...it's about not having any sense of self which is dangerous. It sets them up for other poor choices, for eating disorders and other addictions. It sets the pattern that they're not worthy."
Not having the sense of self is a major reason why teen oral sex is so prevalent today. Most girls who engage in oral sex are not just “promiscuous†or what people call “sluts†or just “hornyâ€. Instead, they have relationship dependency.
(You can read more about this at www.help-my-self-esteem.com/relationship-dependency.html)
Relationship Dependency- is when a person looks to another person with the goal of fulfilling a void inside themselves no matter how shallow the means are. Relationship dependency is also deeply tied to self-esteem. Indulging in it sets up a person for other negative choices and behaviors such as addictions and eating disorders.
True intimacy just like any other thing worth having, takes time, and involves investment, and causes us to risk being emotionally vulnerable. After the superficial erotic image has faded, after all the stories are told, after all the sexual fantasies have been explored, then emptiness and the need for acceptance come right back again.
The girls of Sex and the City always ended up in the same places, in the same bars and restaurants, moping around and telling their same sad stories about failed relationships because the relationships were based on sex rather than what should be a solid foundation.
Data shows that most people in extramarital affairs or recreational sex with multiple partners feel they “need change†and deserve to be understood and appreciated. So they use that need to justify “playing around.†In reality these people are afraid to make deep changes in their lives that would offer them more permanent support. Think about it for a minute. How many genuinely deep fulfilling relationships are made in the “Hookup†Culture?â€
Isn’t It Safer to Have Oral Sex?
A huge number of teens think oral sex is has basically no risk. “I mean, you can’t get pregnant right?†“Of course it’s fine, it’s not ‘real sex.’ They also think oral sex is disease free, but that is absolutely incorrect. Truth is, all sex acts, including oral sex put you at risk of getting an STI (sexually transmitted infection) ie HIV the virus that causes AIDS. Chlamydia, herpes, gonorrhea and the human papilloma virus (HPV) are other common STIs that can be passed through oral sex. Even if both partners think their status is “cleanâ€, there are many STIs that do not show symptoms.
"This is what peer pressure looks like," says Jessica. "Girls today are all in people-pleasing mode because they are completely disconnected from their bodies. At age 11 or 12 or younger they're going through puberty so their hormones and natural curiosity are there too,I don't want to shame us and blame us out of feeling positive about sex and sexuality but when you're caught on the back of the school bus giving oral sex...it's about not having any sense of self which is dangerous. It sets them up for other poor choices, for eating disorders and other addictions. It sets the pattern that they're not worthy."
Not having the sense of self is a major reason why teen oral sex is so prevalent today. Most girls who engage in oral sex are not just “promiscuous†or what people call “sluts†or just “hornyâ€. Instead, they have relationship dependency.
(You can read more about this at www.help-my-self-esteem.com/relationship-dependency.html)
Relationship Dependency- is when a person looks to another person with the goal of fulfilling a void inside themselves no matter how shallow the means are. Relationship dependency is also deeply tied to self-esteem. Indulging in it sets up a person for other negative choices and behaviors such as addictions and eating disorders.
True intimacy just like any other thing worth having, takes time, and involves investment, and causes us to risk being emotionally vulnerable. After the superficial erotic image has faded, after all the stories are told, after all the sexual fantasies have been explored, then emptiness and the need for acceptance come right back again.
The girls of Sex and the City always ended up in the same places, in the same bars and restaurants, moping around and telling their same sad stories about failed relationships because the relationships were based on sex rather than what should be a solid foundation.
Data shows that most people in extramarital affairs or recreational sex with multiple partners feel they “need change†and deserve to be understood and appreciated. So they use that need to justify “playing around.†In reality these people are afraid to make deep changes in their lives that would offer them more permanent support. Think about it for a minute. How many genuinely deep fulfilling relationships are made in the “Hookup†Culture?â€
Isn’t It Safer to Have Oral Sex?
A huge number of teens think oral sex is has basically no risk. “I mean, you can’t get pregnant right?†“Of course it’s fine, it’s not ‘real sex.’ They also think oral sex is disease free, but that is absolutely incorrect. Truth is, all sex acts, including oral sex put you at risk of getting an STI (sexually transmitted infection) ie HIV the virus that causes AIDS. Chlamydia, herpes, gonorrhea and the human papilloma virus (HPV) are other common STIs that can be passed through oral sex. Even if both partners think their status is “cleanâ€, there are many STIs that do not show symptoms.
An American Psycho Meets the Clintons: by Ana Blue
Former president Bill Clinton should take pride in that he is definitely the best looking chubby chaseramericanpsychonovel.jpg out there. I easily came to this conclusion on June 3, 2008, when Hillary Clinton held her primary night celebration in the gymnasium of Bernard Baruch College.
As a recent graduate of Baruch College lacking excitement for one of the most historic races for the Democratic nomination, I decided to attend the primary.
I waited in line for hours with avid Clinton supporters chanting songs about going to Denver, "Yes she will!" many would shout. After two hours of waiting to get into a school that has accumulated a small fortune from me, I was finally in. Scuttling past reporters, wishing I had harassed one of my editors for a press pass because I could not find a seat, I settled for a spot on the floor in front of the podium with my friends. We easily became restless as we waited another hour for the event to start, I felt as if I was at a concert and wanted to shove everyone so I could get closer and then I remembered my manners unlike some of the Hillary fanatics in attendance. Many people were pushing through attempting to get a better view. Some people became creative, one man hoisted young woman onto his shoulders so she could see the podium. Now that she had a better view, we no longer had one; however, some may say we had the best view in the house because she was wearing a very short dress that hardly covered her behind in the air. This preshow ended when someone came over to tell her she needed to get down because she was blocking the press.
Hillary eventually took the stage and as mechanical as she appears, she has a presence that feels welcoming and strong. She is definitely a fighter; after all, she did salvage her marriage and keep her family together after horrid public humiliation. Being cheated on is humiliating enough without the whole world bearing witness and surviving such a graphic hardship in public, a little political campaign is not going to keep her down.
After the event was over, the Clintons made their rounds shaking hands and signing autographs. I thought it would fit the occasion best if I had them sign my copy of Brett Easton Ellis' American Psycho. The title alone is ironic enough; however, if you have read the novel about Patrick Bateman a yuppie serial killer in the 80s whose peers are so materialistic and self-absorbed that they do not realize their associate is a vicious murderer, you are aware of the irony. The highly detailed gruesome novel often has Bateman voice his crimes yet no one ever takes a moment to listen to what he is saying since it is not about money, fashion or any yuppie fad of interest and due to this, he gets away with his crimes. Sounds much like our government and when the secret service took my book away as I was trying to get it signed I became really upset knowing I would never get it back. When I did get the book back and it was autographed by Clinton I was in shock. I would have never expected that they were trying to be nice and when I saw the signature, I knew she did not even look at the book because she was being swarmed with people wanting photos and autographs.
Bill Clinton was the next to come around to shake hands and mingle with civilians. When I laid eyes on the former president in person, I felt as if I was looking at the spokesman for hot dirty old men everywhere. I still cannot believe the man I once immortalized as a chubby chaser in an article for the SexHerald was standing in front ofbill_clinton_biography_2.jpg me with piercing blue eyes and a smile that will make you want to drop your panties in a second. I absent mindedly handed him American Psycho as he shook my hand and I wondered if he needed a new intern. I realized he was flipping through the book and not wanting to end up on a list somewhere, I tried to take it back from him, he stopped me, "What are you reading?." He took the book out of my hand and looked at the cover. His facial expression changed from sexual radiance to disappointment. I became very nervous, "It's a really good book," I used my innocent little girl voice on the former president and flashed him a flirty smile, "They turned it into a movie!" I sounded like an idiot. "Oh really?" He responded humoring me and smiling and then the secret service encouraged him to move on.
My original desire to jolt some political enthusiasm within me was foiled by the realization that the former president is man-candy. However, I still feel accomplished because I am thrilled to own the only copy of American Psycho autographed by the Clintons. The next book I would like autographed by a politician promising change and a 'better America' is Hubert Selby Jr.'s Requiem for a Dream so I can build a library of irony. Days after this event, Clinton conceded as some thought she would, giving Barack Obama the nomination; something tells me he will not be signing any of my novels any time soon.
As a recent graduate of Baruch College lacking excitement for one of the most historic races for the Democratic nomination, I decided to attend the primary.
I waited in line for hours with avid Clinton supporters chanting songs about going to Denver, "Yes she will!" many would shout. After two hours of waiting to get into a school that has accumulated a small fortune from me, I was finally in. Scuttling past reporters, wishing I had harassed one of my editors for a press pass because I could not find a seat, I settled for a spot on the floor in front of the podium with my friends. We easily became restless as we waited another hour for the event to start, I felt as if I was at a concert and wanted to shove everyone so I could get closer and then I remembered my manners unlike some of the Hillary fanatics in attendance. Many people were pushing through attempting to get a better view. Some people became creative, one man hoisted young woman onto his shoulders so she could see the podium. Now that she had a better view, we no longer had one; however, some may say we had the best view in the house because she was wearing a very short dress that hardly covered her behind in the air. This preshow ended when someone came over to tell her she needed to get down because she was blocking the press.
Hillary eventually took the stage and as mechanical as she appears, she has a presence that feels welcoming and strong. She is definitely a fighter; after all, she did salvage her marriage and keep her family together after horrid public humiliation. Being cheated on is humiliating enough without the whole world bearing witness and surviving such a graphic hardship in public, a little political campaign is not going to keep her down.
After the event was over, the Clintons made their rounds shaking hands and signing autographs. I thought it would fit the occasion best if I had them sign my copy of Brett Easton Ellis' American Psycho. The title alone is ironic enough; however, if you have read the novel about Patrick Bateman a yuppie serial killer in the 80s whose peers are so materialistic and self-absorbed that they do not realize their associate is a vicious murderer, you are aware of the irony. The highly detailed gruesome novel often has Bateman voice his crimes yet no one ever takes a moment to listen to what he is saying since it is not about money, fashion or any yuppie fad of interest and due to this, he gets away with his crimes. Sounds much like our government and when the secret service took my book away as I was trying to get it signed I became really upset knowing I would never get it back. When I did get the book back and it was autographed by Clinton I was in shock. I would have never expected that they were trying to be nice and when I saw the signature, I knew she did not even look at the book because she was being swarmed with people wanting photos and autographs.
Bill Clinton was the next to come around to shake hands and mingle with civilians. When I laid eyes on the former president in person, I felt as if I was looking at the spokesman for hot dirty old men everywhere. I still cannot believe the man I once immortalized as a chubby chaser in an article for the SexHerald was standing in front ofbill_clinton_biography_2.jpg me with piercing blue eyes and a smile that will make you want to drop your panties in a second. I absent mindedly handed him American Psycho as he shook my hand and I wondered if he needed a new intern. I realized he was flipping through the book and not wanting to end up on a list somewhere, I tried to take it back from him, he stopped me, "What are you reading?." He took the book out of my hand and looked at the cover. His facial expression changed from sexual radiance to disappointment. I became very nervous, "It's a really good book," I used my innocent little girl voice on the former president and flashed him a flirty smile, "They turned it into a movie!" I sounded like an idiot. "Oh really?" He responded humoring me and smiling and then the secret service encouraged him to move on.
My original desire to jolt some political enthusiasm within me was foiled by the realization that the former president is man-candy. However, I still feel accomplished because I am thrilled to own the only copy of American Psycho autographed by the Clintons. The next book I would like autographed by a politician promising change and a 'better America' is Hubert Selby Jr.'s Requiem for a Dream so I can build a library of irony. Days after this event, Clinton conceded as some thought she would, giving Barack Obama the nomination; something tells me he will not be signing any of my novels any time soon.
Find Your Own Diamond Mine: by David Cowley
Apply around 58,000 atmospheres of pressure to pure carbon and then heat to about 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit and you will have a diamond. For millions of years microscopic plants and animals lived and died in the ancient oceans and after time these bodies turned into carbon. When tectonic plates collided with one and another, one of the tectonic plates was pushed under the other and the bodies of the microorganism, now carbon are buried under tons of rock.
With the extrema pressure and heat the molecules of the carbon are aligned forming a diamond. This process arranges the atoms in a unique Crystal structure that cause diamonds to have tighter atoms than any other substance in the world which makes them the hardest natural material known.
These diamonds were later pushed to the surface of the earths crust by volcanic action. A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the earths crust that allows hot molten rock to escape to the earths surface and if the conditions are right, diamonds as well. Volcano's fall into three different types.
The first type is when the tectonic plates pull apart from one another. These linear features volcano's can form in the middle of continents but also occur in the oceans. It produces rift valleys that is filled when the two opposing plates move away from each other. Since carbon has not been forced into the molten rock diamonds are usually not found. An example of rift valleys are the Great Rift Valley located in the Middle East and Africa, the Mid-Atlantic Rift, and the Rio Grand Rift in North America.
The second type of volcanic action occurs when the tectonic plates stretch as they move over a hot spot or mantle plumes. The crust of the earth is melted allowing the hot magma to move to the earths surface. An example of this type of volcano's is the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands consists of hundreds of island and atolls that extend for 1,500 miles or 2,300 KM. As the tectonic plates moved across the hot spot volcanoes erupted and created islands. The oldest to the newest island extend from the northwest to the southeast ending with Hawaii or the big island. Prime Diamond hunting areas is found where two opposing tectonic plates collide and one is forced under the other. This will cause carbon to be pushed into the hot magma and with tons of rock on top the pressure will be extreme. As the collisions take place large mountain ranges may be formed by the wrinkling of the earths crust such as the Rockey Mountains and the Himalayan Mountain range. As cracks and fissures is formed in the mountain ranges the magma will find its way to the surface and a volcano is formed. The Volcano eruption can be quite violent such as the Mount St. Helen's explosion in North America in 1980. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a 24,850 mile or 40,000 km horseshoe shaped ring of volcanoes. It extends from Java to Sumatra to the Himalayas to the Mediterranean and into the Mid Atlantic Ridge. The San Andreas Fault in California is another example of an active collision of tectonic plates.
Named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa in 1870s, diamonds are found in a type of rock called Kimberley pipes. Kimberley pipes are formed from the cooling volcano core of magma that has found its way to the earths surface. It is believed that they are formed deep within the earths mantle between 93 to 290 miles or 150 to 450 kilometers deep and contain exotic compositions that are erupted rapidly and violently to the surface.
Red garnets are usually found in Kimberley pipes that contain diamonds. Since these minerals are in greater in quantities than diamonds, geologists look for these indicator in the regions where they suspect diamonds to occur. Most Kimberley pipes were formed between 70 to 150 million years ago but several have been found in Southern Africa that are believed to be 1600 million years old. Only 1 in 200 Kimberley pipes contain gem-quality diamonds.
In a nut shell look for the areas that tectonic plates are converging. Next find areas that have had volcanic activity in the distant past, the older the better. Find the Kimberley rock formations that the volcanoes have produced. If the Kimberley pipes have evidence of red garnets and other crystals then the possibility of diamonds is highly possible. Please remember the author and give him several handfuls of rough diamonds as a reward for the information provided here.
Happy diamond hunting.
With the extrema pressure and heat the molecules of the carbon are aligned forming a diamond. This process arranges the atoms in a unique Crystal structure that cause diamonds to have tighter atoms than any other substance in the world which makes them the hardest natural material known.
These diamonds were later pushed to the surface of the earths crust by volcanic action. A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the earths crust that allows hot molten rock to escape to the earths surface and if the conditions are right, diamonds as well. Volcano's fall into three different types.
The first type is when the tectonic plates pull apart from one another. These linear features volcano's can form in the middle of continents but also occur in the oceans. It produces rift valleys that is filled when the two opposing plates move away from each other. Since carbon has not been forced into the molten rock diamonds are usually not found. An example of rift valleys are the Great Rift Valley located in the Middle East and Africa, the Mid-Atlantic Rift, and the Rio Grand Rift in North America.
The second type of volcanic action occurs when the tectonic plates stretch as they move over a hot spot or mantle plumes. The crust of the earth is melted allowing the hot magma to move to the earths surface. An example of this type of volcano's is the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands consists of hundreds of island and atolls that extend for 1,500 miles or 2,300 KM. As the tectonic plates moved across the hot spot volcanoes erupted and created islands. The oldest to the newest island extend from the northwest to the southeast ending with Hawaii or the big island. Prime Diamond hunting areas is found where two opposing tectonic plates collide and one is forced under the other. This will cause carbon to be pushed into the hot magma and with tons of rock on top the pressure will be extreme. As the collisions take place large mountain ranges may be formed by the wrinkling of the earths crust such as the Rockey Mountains and the Himalayan Mountain range. As cracks and fissures is formed in the mountain ranges the magma will find its way to the surface and a volcano is formed. The Volcano eruption can be quite violent such as the Mount St. Helen's explosion in North America in 1980. The Pacific Ring of Fire is a 24,850 mile or 40,000 km horseshoe shaped ring of volcanoes. It extends from Java to Sumatra to the Himalayas to the Mediterranean and into the Mid Atlantic Ridge. The San Andreas Fault in California is another example of an active collision of tectonic plates.
Named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa in 1870s, diamonds are found in a type of rock called Kimberley pipes. Kimberley pipes are formed from the cooling volcano core of magma that has found its way to the earths surface. It is believed that they are formed deep within the earths mantle between 93 to 290 miles or 150 to 450 kilometers deep and contain exotic compositions that are erupted rapidly and violently to the surface.
Red garnets are usually found in Kimberley pipes that contain diamonds. Since these minerals are in greater in quantities than diamonds, geologists look for these indicator in the regions where they suspect diamonds to occur. Most Kimberley pipes were formed between 70 to 150 million years ago but several have been found in Southern Africa that are believed to be 1600 million years old. Only 1 in 200 Kimberley pipes contain gem-quality diamonds.
In a nut shell look for the areas that tectonic plates are converging. Next find areas that have had volcanic activity in the distant past, the older the better. Find the Kimberley rock formations that the volcanoes have produced. If the Kimberley pipes have evidence of red garnets and other crystals then the possibility of diamonds is highly possible. Please remember the author and give him several handfuls of rough diamonds as a reward for the information provided here.
Happy diamond hunting.
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